<section xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
        xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
        xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
        version="5.0"
        xml:id="sec-settings-options">
 <title>Options for Program Settings</title>

 <para>
   Many programs have configuration files where program-specific settings can be declared. File formats can be separated into two categories:
   <itemizedlist>
     <listitem>
       <para>
         Nix-representable ones: These can trivially be mapped to a subset of Nix syntax. E.g. JSON is an example, since its values like <literal>{"foo":{"bar":10}}</literal> can be mapped directly to Nix: <literal>{ foo = { bar = 10; }; }</literal>. Other examples are INI, YAML and TOML. The following section explains the convention for these settings.
       </para>
     </listitem>
     <listitem>
       <para>
         Non-nix-representable ones: These can't be trivially mapped to a subset of Nix syntax. Most generic programming languages are in this group, e.g. bash, since the statement <literal>if true; then echo hi; fi</literal> doesn't have a trivial representation in Nix.
       </para>
       <para>
         Currently there are no fixed conventions for these, but it is common to have a <literal>configFile</literal> option for setting the configuration file path directly. The default value of <literal>configFile</literal> can be an auto-generated file, with convenient options for controlling the contents. For example an option of type <literal>attrsOf str</literal> can be used for representing environment variables which generates a section like <literal>export FOO="foo"</literal>. Often it can also be useful to also include an <literal>extraConfig</literal> option of type <literal>lines</literal> to allow arbitrary text after the autogenerated part of the file.
       </para>
     </listitem>
   </itemizedlist>
 </para>
 <section xml:id="sec-settings-nix-representable">
   <title>Nix-representable Formats (JSON, YAML, TOML, INI, ...)</title>
   <para>
     By convention, formats like this are handled with a generic <literal>settings</literal> option, representing the full program configuration as a Nix value. The type of this option should represent the format. The most common formats have a predefined type and string generator already declared under <literal>pkgs.formats</literal>:
     <variablelist>
       <varlistentry>
         <term>
           <varname>pkgs.formats.json</varname> { }
         </term>
         <listitem>
           <para>
             A function taking an empty attribute set (for future extensibility) and returning a set with JSON-specific attributes <varname>type</varname> and <varname>generate</varname> as specified <link linkend='pkgs-formats-result'>below</link>.
           </para>
         </listitem>
       </varlistentry>
       <varlistentry>
         <term>
           <varname>pkgs.formats.yaml</varname> { }
         </term>
         <listitem>
           <para>
             A function taking an empty attribute set (for future extensibility) and returning a set with YAML-specific attributes <varname>type</varname> and <varname>generate</varname> as specified <link linkend='pkgs-formats-result'>below</link>.
           </para>
         </listitem>
       </varlistentry>
       <varlistentry>
         <term>
           <varname>pkgs.formats.ini</varname> { <replaceable>listsAsDuplicateKeys</replaceable> ? false, <replaceable>listToValue</replaceable> ? null, ... }
         </term>
         <listitem>
           <para>
             A function taking an attribute set with values
             <variablelist>
               <varlistentry>
                 <term>
                   <varname>listsAsDuplicateKeys</varname>
                 </term>
                 <listitem>
                   <para>
                     A boolean for controlling whether list values can be used to represent duplicate INI keys
                   </para>
                 </listitem>
               </varlistentry>
               <varlistentry>
                 <term>
                   <varname>listToValue</varname>
                 </term>
                 <listitem>
                   <para>
                     A function for turning a list of values into a single value.
                   </para>
                 </listitem>
               </varlistentry>
             </variablelist>
            It returns a set with INI-specific attributes <varname>type</varname> and <varname>generate</varname> as specified <link linkend='pkgs-formats-result'>below</link>.
           </para>
         </listitem>
       </varlistentry>
       <varlistentry>
         <term>
           <varname>pkgs.formats.toml</varname> { }
         </term>
         <listitem>
           <para>
             A function taking an empty attribute set (for future extensibility) and returning a set with TOML-specific attributes <varname>type</varname> and <varname>generate</varname> as specified <link linkend='pkgs-formats-result'>below</link>.
           </para>
         </listitem>
       </varlistentry>
     </variablelist>

   </para>
   <para xml:id="pkgs-formats-result">
     These functions all return an attribute set with these values:
    <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
        <term>
          <varname>type</varname>
        </term>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A module system type representing a value of the format
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>
      <varlistentry>
        <term>
          <varname>generate</varname> <replaceable>filename</replaceable> <replaceable>jsonValue</replaceable>
        </term>
        <listitem>
          <para>
           A function that can render a value of the format to a file. Returns a file path.
           <note>
            <para>
             This function puts the value contents in the Nix store. So this should be avoided for secrets.
            </para>
           </note>
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>
   </para>
   <example xml:id="ex-settings-nix-representable">
     <title>Module with conventional <literal>settings</literal> option</title>
     <para>
       The following shows a module for an example program that uses a JSON configuration file. It demonstrates how above values can be used, along with some other related best practices. See the comments for explanations.
     </para>
<programlisting>
{ options, config, lib, pkgs, ... }:
let
  cfg = config.services.foo;
  # Define the settings format used for this program
  settingsFormat = pkgs.formats.json {};
in {

  options.services.foo = {
    enable = lib.mkEnableOption "foo service";

    settings = lib.mkOption {
      # Setting this type allows for correct merging behavior
      type = settingsFormat.type;
      default = {};
      description = ''
        Configuration for foo, see
        &lt;link xlink:href="https://example.com/docs/foo"/&gt;
        for supported settings.
      '';
    };
  };

  config = lib.mkIf cfg.enable {
    # We can assign some default settings here to make the service work by just
    # enabling it. We use `mkDefault` for values that can be changed without
    # problems
    services.foo.settings = {
      # Fails at runtime without any value set
      log_level = lib.mkDefault "WARN";

      # We assume systemd's `StateDirectory` is used, so we require this value,
      # therefore no mkDefault
      data_path = "/var/lib/foo";

      # Since we use this to create a user we need to know the default value at
      # eval time
      user = lib.mkDefault "foo";
    };

    environment.etc."foo.json".source =
      # The formats generator function takes a filename and the Nix value
      # representing the format value and produces a filepath with that value
      # rendered in the format
      settingsFormat.generate "foo-config.json" cfg.settings;

    # We know that the `user` attribute exists because we set a default value
    # for it above, allowing us to use it without worries here
    users.users.${cfg.settings.user} = { isSystemUser = true; };

    # ...
  };
}
</programlisting>
   </example>
   <section xml:id="sec-settings-attrs-options">
    <title>Option declarations for attributes</title>
    <para>
     Some <literal>settings</literal> attributes may deserve some extra care. They may need a different type, default or merging behavior, or they are essential options that should show their documentation in the manual. This can be done using <xref linkend='sec-freeform-modules'/>.
     <example xml:id="ex-settings-typed-attrs">
      <title>Declaring a type-checked <literal>settings</literal> attribute</title>
      <para>
       We extend above example using freeform modules to declare an option for the port, which will enforce it to be a valid integer and make it show up in the manual.
      </para>
<programlisting>
settings = lib.mkOption {
  type = lib.types.submodule {

    freeformType = settingsFormat.type;

    # Declare an option for the port such that the type is checked and this option
    # is shown in the manual.
    options.port = lib.mkOption {
      type = lib.types.port;
      default = 8080;
      description = ''
        Which port this service should listen on.
      '';
    };

  };
  default = {};
  description = ''
    Configuration for Foo, see
    &lt;link xlink:href="https://example.com/docs/foo"/&gt;
    for supported values.
  '';
};
</programlisting>
     </example>
    </para>
   </section>
 </section>

</section>
